Interrupting schooling has deep and long-lasting effects on children, shows a study from Oxford, which is based on research, into the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, that has relevance for other disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic
This new working paper uses a survey conducted four years after Pakistan’s 2005 earthquake to measure how the disaster affected children’s human capital accumulation, including their health and learning outcomes, and whether welfare packages counteracted the disaster’s effects. As the current situation mirrors the impacts of the earthquake, but on a much larger scale, the findings of the paper have implications for how we respond to the aftermath of COVID-19.
The study’s findings were stark:
- On average, earthquake-affected children’s test scores put them 1.5 to 2 years behind their peers in unaffected regions. This, despite the fact that households affected by the earthquake received significant financial compensation, which allowed adults’ health outcomes and community infrastructure to fully recover.
- Children with more educated mothers did not fall behind. Their mothers were able fully to insulate them from losses in learning, so that the earthquake widened inequalities within affected areas.
- School closures accounted for only 10% of the loss in test scores. Much more was lost after children returned to school, possibly due to children falling behind the curriculum and being unable to catch up.
- The authors compute that, if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected cohorts could lose 15% of their earnings in every year for the rest of their lives.
The evidence suggests, we should prepare to assess children when they return to school, so we can teach them at the level of their current ability. We must also support communities in adapting and responding to what is working for them.
The paper, 'Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005,' was written by Tahir Andrabi, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das as a part of the Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) Programme Working Paper Series. The authors surveyed more than 150,000 individuals across 126 villages in Northern Pakistan and collected detailed information including children’s height, weight, and test scores in Urdu, mathematics, and English for a sub-sample.
Co-author Jishnu Das, a professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy and Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and RISE Pakistan country research team Principal Investigator, said, 'This unique study shows the importance of preparing now to counteract learning losses for children who are out of school because of COVID-19. When children return to school, we should be ready to assess their skills and teach them at their current skill level, and to support communities in assessing what is working for children to offset longer-term effects of the pandemic. Ultimately, there is no trade-off between investing in human capital and immediate aid.'
Full paper available here (https://www.riseprogramme.org/publications/working-paper-20039-human-capital-accumulation-and-disasters-evidence-pakistan). An accompanying Insight Note is also available here (https://www.riseprogramme.org/publications/we-have-protect-kids).
About Research on Improving Systems of Education
The RISE Programme is a large scale, multi-country research programme that aims to provide the evidence base on education systems needed to improve learning outcomes.
RISE is funded by the UK government, the Australian government, and the Gates Foundation. More information about our funders can be found here: the UK's Department for International Development (DFID), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Based in Oxford, RISE is managed and implemented through a partnership between leading international development consultancy Oxford Policy Management and the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford. Research is led by Professor Lant Pritchett and a multi-national team of researchers.
